CS,
Are these real plans that anyone ever had an intention of initiating, or are they war college exercises? I can't imagine us getting ready to attack Canada during the great depression, it just doesn't make sense.
Hi Louis,
I don't necessarily see a huge distinction between "plans" and "exercises". Any given plan or exercise crafted by military planners can be dragged into use if the right combination of events come to pass. Even though the U.S. was weakened economically during the depression, so were most other industrialized nations. It was a turbulent period in history with revolutions and great swings in political ideologies as populations sought relief from their hardships. Anything could have happened, especially if Roosevelt had not been there to prevent fascism overtaking America like it did in many other countries. Fascist governments look to expand their borders, and a quick war with Canada might have looked like a nice way to jump-start the economy, not to mention seize some of Britain's wealthy colonies and reunite the North American continent. Alternatively, Britain might have done something to tick America off and again Canada would’ve been caught in the middle. Or if Germany had taken over Britain in 1940, Canada would suddenly be in constitutional crisis and might have been annexed by the US for the sake of " mutual protection".
However, if I had to choose I would say the 1935 plan would fall more into the category of "exercise". It was probably drafted as much to give U.S. defence planners some practice drafting plans, as anything else. To my knowledge no great army was marshalled on the US/Canada border. “Joint Army and Navy Basic War Plan – Red” was created as a contingency in case the US ever went to war with Britain. Knocking out Canada was important to crippling Britain, as was capturing Bermuda etc. There were similar plans drafted in case America should ever need to go to war against Mexico (Plan Green), Japan (Orange), Germany (Black), the Caribbean (Gray), or Central America (Purple). Obviously, elements from two of those plans were eventually put into effect, so it is fortunate America had worked on them (though clearly the Pearl Harbor defence chapter in Plan Orange was a bit lacking!).
As for earlier U.S. plans to invade Canada (or British plans to invade the US), I have no idea how close they came to being initiated in the secret halls of power that Ron claims to be privy to. I suspect we may never know.
I don't begrudge U.S. defence planners for having plans to attack Canada, it was only prudent in case, for some unforseeable reason, the muck hit the fan with Britain. It's just that like a number of Canadians (including Wellington in this thread, I'm sure), I look at Canadian/US history with the view that in any given year Canada was only one or two steps away from attempted annexation. That's natural for any "small" country (population wise relative to the USA) that borders a much larger nation with similar ethnic composition (e.g. Germany annexing Austria, China annexing Tibet etc.). Indeed, the 1935 plan was not only defensive in nature - it stated that the U.S. would seek to retain permanent control over as much of Canada as it could capture. Interestingly, it believed that if Canada/Britain beat the U.S. in this hypothetical war, we would ask to be given control over Alaska.
Now, returning to the original topic of this thread, I don’t think the Duke of Wellington would have made much of a difference in the War of 1812. Wellington was primarily a defensive commander. Except for the Battle of Salamanca, his major victories were defensive in nature. Since the commanders already in Canada didn’t have a lot of trouble beating back the American invasion, I don’t know how much extra Wellington could have contributed, and I doubt he would have been much help on the offence trying to invade America. As Louis and Steve have said, he might very well have met his end at the hands of some American sniper.