Sixty six years ago today, the Germans were arguably already suffering defeat in the Battle of the Bulge.
On 16 December 1944, at 5:30 a.m., the Germans began the assault with a massive, 90-minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces
[44] across an 80 miles (130 km) front on the Allied troops facing the Sixth SS Panzer Army.
The Americans' initial impression was that this was the anticipated, localized counterattack resulting from the Allies' recent attack in the
Wahlerscheid sector to the north where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent into the
Siegfried Line. In the northern sector
Dietrich's
Sixth SS Panzer Army assaulted
Losheim Gap and
Elsenborn Ridge in an effort to break through to
Liège. Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area.
While having the desired effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded, the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their advance. Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units.
In the center,
von Manteuffel's
Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards
Bastogne and
St. Vith, both road junctions of great strategic importance. In the south,
Brandenberger's
Seventh Army pushed towards
Luxembourg in their efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks. Only one month before 250 members of the Waffen-SS had unsuccessfully tried to recapture the town of Vianden with its castle from the
Luxembourgish resistance during the
Battle of Vianden.
The battle for
Elsenborn Ridge was a decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge, deflecting the strongest armored units of the German advance.
[45]
Peiper and his commanders
The attack was led by one of the best equipped divisions on the western front,
1st SS Panzer Division (LSSAH). The division made up the lead unit for the entire German
6th Panzer Army.
Kampfgruppe Peiper of the LSSAH division was selected its spearhead to lead the main effort and was commanded by then
SS Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper.
[46]
Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth SS Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.
The attacks by the Sixth SS Panzer Army's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions. On the first day, an entire German battalion of 500 men was held up for 10 hours at
Lanzerath, which controlled a key route through the
Losheim Gap.
To preserve the quantity of armor available, the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment,
3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division, had been ordered to clear the village first.
A single 18-man
Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon from the
99th Infantry Division along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset, about 4:00 p.m, causing 92 casualties among the Germans.
This created a bottleneck in the German advance. Kampfgruppe Peiper, at the head of the
SS Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich’s
Sixth Panzer Army had been designated to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses.
[47]
Once the Germans reached Bucholz Station, they quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment. To Kampfgruppe Peiper's north, the
277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S.
99th Infantry Division and positions of
2nd Infantry Division. Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn ridge. Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper's armored task force. The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the cities of
Liège and
Spa, Belgium and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the
Meuse River.
[48]
Historian
John S.D. Eisenhower wrote, "...the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."
[49]:224
[50]
The 99th Infantry Division as a whole, outnumbered five to one, inflicted casualties in the ratio of eighteen to one. The division lost about 20% of its effective strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries, fatigue, or trench foot. German losses were much higher. In the northern sector opposite the 99th, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of sixty tanks and big guns.
[51]